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Evolutionary taxonomy, evolutionary systematics or Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relationship (serial descent), and degree of evolutionary change. This type of taxonomy may consider whole taxa rather than single species, so that groups of species can be inferred as giving rise to new groups. The concept found its most well-known form in the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s. Evolutionary taxonomy differs from strict pre-Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy (producing orderly lists only), in that it builds evolutionary trees. While in phylogenetic nomenclature each taxon must consist of a single ancestral node and all its descendants, evolutionary taxonomy allows for groups to be excluded from their parent taxa (e.g. dinosaurs are not considered to ''include'' birds, but to have ''given rise'' to them), thus permitting paraphyletic taxa. ==Origin of evolutionary taxonomy== Evolutionary taxonomy arose as a result of the influence of the theory of evolution on Linnaean taxonomy. The idea of translating Linnaean taxonomy into a sort of dendrogram of the Animal and Plant Kingdoms was formulated toward the end of the 18th century, well before Charles Darwin's book ''On the Origin of Species'' was published. The first to suggest that organisms had common descent was Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis in his 1751 ''Essai de Cosmologie'', 〔J. S. Bromley, (The new Cambridge modern history: The rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688-1715/25 ), CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 978-0-521-07524-4, pgs. 62-63.〕〔Geoffrey Russell Richards Treasure, (The making of modern Europe, 1648-1780 ), Taylor & Francis, 1985, ISBN 978-0-416-72370-0, pg. 142〕 Transmutation of species entered wider scientific circles with Erasmus Darwin's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's 1809 ''Philosophie Zoologique''. The idea was popularised in the English-speaking world by the speculative but widely read ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation'', published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844. Following the appearance of ''On the Origin of Species'', Tree of Life representations became popular in scientific works. In ''On the Origin of Species'', the ancestor remained largely a hypothetical species; Darwin was primarily occupied with showing the principle, carefully refraining from speculating on relationships between living or fossil organisms and using theoretical examples only.〔 In contrast, Chambers had proposed specific hypotheses, the evolution of placental mammals from marsupials, for example. Following Darwin's publication, Thomas Henry Huxley used the fossils of ''Archaeopteryx'' and ''Hesperornis'' to argue that the birds are descendants of the dinosaurs.〔Huxley, T.H. (1876): Lectures on Evolution. ''New York Tribune''. Extra. no 36. In Collected Essays IV: pp 46-138 (original text w/ figures )〕 Thus, a group of extant animals could be tied to a fossil group. The resulting description, that of dinosaurs "giving rise to" or being "the ancestors of" birds, exhibits the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking. The past three decades have seen a dramatic increase in the use of DNA sequences for reconstructing phylogeny and a parallel shift in emphasis from evolutionary taxonomy towards Hennig’s ‘phylogenetic systematics’.〔 Today, with the advent of modern genomics, scientists in every branch of biology make use of molecular phylogeny to guide their research. One common method is multiple sequence alignment. Cavalier-Smith,〔 G. G. Simpson and Ernst Mayr.〔Mahner, Martin; Bunge, Mario. ''Foundations of Biophilosophy''. Springer, p. 251.〕 are some representative evolutionary taxonomists. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「evolutionary taxonomy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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